structure of polymers pdf

Synthetic polymers are characterized by defined structures with flexibility of modification in terms of functionality and degradability and response to environmental fluctuation (chemical and biological response to stimuli), mechanical strength [29]. 0000000016 00000 n The word polymer designates an unspecified number of monomer units. Synthetic Polymer. 0000004371 00000 n endstream 68 0 obj<>stream /F1 9 0 R /F2 10 0 R>> These identical structures, we understand as a unit made up of two or more molecules, join together to form a long chain. For example, Nylon, which contains nitrogen atoms in the repeated unit backbone. In basic terms, a polymer is a long-chain molecule that is composed of a large number of repeating units of identical structure. 0000002050 00000 n Crystalline polymers • Areas in polymer where chains packed in regular way. What is Polymer? 0000188918 00000 n •Silk is a polymer of the amino acids glycine and alanine •Wool is having disulphide (sulphur-sulphur) bonds to link the polymer … /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI] 10. The unit substance or substances from which the polymer is obtained is called a monomer. >> 48 21 For example, the window glass of airplanes made of polycarbonate cannot repair mechanical damages autonomously, which could lead to a … • Crystalline - regular chain structure - no bulky side groups. %%EOF As the side chain becomes longer, the average interchain distance increases.10 This increased spacing between chain 0000001643 00000 n • Linear polymers have monomeric units joined end to end in single chains. Polymers with conjugated π-electron (i. e. system have C=C conjugated bonds) backbones display unusual electronic properties such as low energy optical transition, low ionization potentials, and high electron affinities. Also, there are polymers which instead of carbon have other elements in its backbone. Polymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. Polymers are very useful materials because their structures can be altered and tailored to produce materials 1) with a range of mechanical properties 2) in a wide spectrum of colors and 3) with different transparent properties. G H I I J K L M N N O P Q R S T U V W X X Y Z [ \ ] ] ^ _ ` a b c d !e "e "f "g "h #h #i #j #k #l $l $m $n $o %p %q %r &s. Overview; What is a Polymer? 0000001584 00000 n endobj 0000004116 00000 n These polymers are nearly impossible to soften when heating without degrading the underlying polymer structure and are thus thermosetting polymers. • Crystalline structure: arrangement of unit cells in a well-defined spatially-ordered manner, which is characterized by translational symmetry • Amorphous structures: random arrangement of units In polymers the crystalline order can be established by a regular arrangement of the chains. 8 0 obj <> stream 15. When the number of monomers is very large, the compound is sometimes called a high polymer. The process by which the polymers are formed is called polymerisation. 0000007635 00000 n xref 48 0 obj <> endobj Engineering polymers include natural materials such as rubber and synthetic materials such as plastics and elastomers. 0000003206 00000 n CHEM 379 – W20 Physical Properties of Polymers 6-1 6. Polymers are those which consists of repeated structural units known as monomers. There may be extensive van der Waals and hydrogen bonding between the chains. The subjects are logically combined because understanding how structure a ects properties, as measured in characterization, is a key element of polymer materials science and engineering. Typically 4,000 to 15,000 (depending on polymer structure) for a random coil polymer Corresponds to a degree of polymerization of about 600 (i.e., DP bar = 600) irrespective of polymer structure i) ii) ∴ This change in viscosity is a function of topology/entanglement and not chemical interactions PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS The structure of polymers is hierarchical, and both the monomer organization and larger-scale structure affect the observable properties, such as phase transitions, strength, solubility, and elasticity. 0000001798 00000 n synthesis of polymers new structures and methods Oct 24, 2020 Posted By William Shakespeare Library TEXT ID 348e30a9 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library processes for the synthesis modification and characterisation of macromolecules in addition to the preparative aspects the book also gives the reader an impression on the /Im1 6 0 R>> Most of the polymers around us are made up of a hydrocarbon backbone. For each <]>> The general structure of these polymers is shown in Fig. /XObject<< %PDF-1.6 %���� trailer Synthetic polymers are those which are human-made polymers. A Hydrocarbon backbone being a long chain of linked carbon and hydrogen atoms, possible due to the tetravalent nature of carbon.A few examples of a hydrocarbon backbone polymer are polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene. Poly(a lkenes) are chemically inert due to the strong C-C and C-H Polymers There are two types of polymerisation: addition and condensation Addition Polymerisation An addition polymer forms when unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer Monomers contain C=C bonds Chain forms when same basic unit is repeated over and over. • Both amorphous and crystalline areas in same polymer. /Type /Page 0000007677 00000 n Synthesis of Polymers •Nearly all polymers used in engineering are synthetic They are made by chemical processing •Polymers are synthesized by joining many small molecules together into very large molecules, called macromolecules, that possess a chain-like structure •The small units, called monomers, are generally Lesson 5: Structure and Applications of Metals; Lesson 6: Types and Applications of Metal Alloys; Lesson 7: Structure and Applications of Ceramics; Lesson 8: Structure and Applications of Polymers. 3.12. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Polymers serving as drug carrier should 0000003874 00000 n Polymers are very large and very complicated systems; their character­ ization has to begin with the chemical composition, configuration, and con­ formation of the individual molecule. Polyethylene, light, versatile synthetic resin made from the polymerization of ethylene. �2�~��e.>�sҔ?��`wuHy�r��&ep�D�HS�ǣS}�g��*��'y����B}(5�4=�C_\��e�M���U��0Y���MW͎K��$x� E6+ �َ��������[�ή(���>�3P�Ѐl%n^�dSA!�I�\�����������M H��ՂG�1�:�m���G6���Ok`�N�O7������y�5�ɽ�)���a{�ч�d��931�>]s���FZ�)cRw�c�J�4H endstream endobj 49 0 obj<. Polymers. Introduction: Organic polymers are normally insulators, it can be presumed that conducting polymers must have an unusual structure. information about structure or properties of polymers. The subject of polymer structure and characterization is typically a second course in polymer science. Vari-ous drugrelease mechanisms can be studied comparatively in Figure 3. 0000004744 00000 n These substances often form into a chain-like structure. A primary reason that polymer properties are different is because the chemical compositions of metals, polymers and ceramics are totally different. unusual properties of high polymers are developed, it will be convenient to consider the chemical and structural aspects of polymers at three different levels: 1) The chemical structure (atomic composition) of the monomer (primary structure) 2) The single polymer chain (secondary level) 3) Aggregation of polymer chains (tertiary structure) It is the most widely used plastic in the world, being made into products ranging from clear food wrap and shopping bags to detergent bottles and fuel tanks. £ù`†?ÉÿCüeÿãøó×ýOTÇ_ûÿ¨2þüÅÿkâÏ_ÿÿ¤þ1þO+ óVþQþÏ+àéÿ¢8þüùGú¿,Š¼ÿ«‚øóçÏ?ÜÿuqÿoŠà÷ÿ¶ þüùÇý¿ˆ?þ±ÿïàϟ?ÿðÿ£áϟ?ÿÿ½ñÏõÿÔþüsý?÷ÀŸ?þüù'ûé‚?þüùóÏùÿ:-þüùóçϟ?ÿÄÿoSáϟ?þüùóçϟ?þÉÿßk÷ÿãþüùóoõÿ`™ÃS • During the polymerization process not all chains in a polymer grow to the same length, so there is a distribution of molecular weights. Explore how the properties of polymers depend on their structure and different types of intermolecular bonds using this lesson plan for 16–18 year olds In this activity, polymers are used as illustrative materials for intermolecular bonds to help students to learn how the structures of polymers relate to their practical uses and properties. Glassy polymers are widely used as structural materials in aerospace vehicles, airplanes, automobiles, biomedical devices, and so on. 11 0 obj Polymers are composed of non-metallic elements, found at the upper right corner of the periodic table. 0000004619 00000 n Cold-drawing • When a polymer is stretched a ‘neck’ forms. /MediaBox[0 0 842 595] The molecular connectivity of polymer−metal−organic framework (polyMOF) hybrid materials was investigated using density functional theory calculations and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Based on Structure/Shape of polymer Polymers can be linear, branched, cross linked or networked. cleavage of covalent bonds between them and bio erodible polymers bring about erosion of the polymer due to dissolution of linking chains without bringing about any change in chemical structure of the molecule [2]. /Contents 4 0 R Carbon is the most common element in polymers. • More crystalline polymer - stronger and less flexible. 11 The length of of the polymeric molecule L = l m l: the length of a single bond in the backbone of the hydrocarbon chain m: the number of bonds Polyethylene is a member of the important family of polyolefin resins. Polymers are substances consisting of macromolecules and the high molecular weight and chain-like structure of the macromolecules are responsible for the unique properties of polymers. 0 /Font<< This leads to the important topic of the structure-property relations to which this book is devoted. 0000002800 00000 n The first chapter is devoted to this broad objective. 0000001236 00000 n The length of the side chain influences the packing of these polymer chains in the melt or glassy state. specific chemical structures. 0000004668 00000 n 0000000729 00000 n 0000001100 00000 n structure. 0000188681 00000 n Structure features of polymers Each bond angle between three adjacent C atoms is near 109.5º and the angle can be rotated freely in space. Examples: polyethylene, PVC, nylon. Polymer Structure. Classification based on polymer structure Structure of polymer Copolymers Isomerism (Structural Isomerism, Sequence Isomerism, Tacticity) Chain arrangement (Topology) Molecular weight in polymers Thermal transitions glass transition and melting Mechanical properties of polymer Topics: 8 Topic: Principle Characteristics of Polymers [1-7] And crystalline areas in same polymer containing a large number of monomer of non-metallic elements, found at the right... Because the chemical compositions of metals, polymers and ceramics are totally different,. Also, there are polymers structure of polymers pdf instead of carbon have other elements in backbone... High polymer process by which the polymers are substances containing a large number of monomers is very large, average., cross linked or networked substance or substances from which the polymers around us are up! Of polymers Each bond angle between three adjacent C atoms is near 109.5º and the angle can be presumed conducting! 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